tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-44803467162269467242024-03-05T11:21:35.787-05:00The Eppel Intelligence ReportANALYSIS OF LOVE, LOSS, ATTACHMENT AND CONFLICT IN HUMAN LIFE AND WORLD AFFAIRSAlan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.comBlogger56125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-13384273237595103082016-01-24T10:57:00.001-05:002016-01-24T10:59:17.280-05:00<blockquote class="twitter-video" data-lang="en">
<div dir="ltr" lang="en">
Must-Watch: A powerful message from <a href="https://twitter.com/ClaraHughes_">@ClaraHughes_</a>! <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/BellLetsTalk?src=hash">#BellLetsTalk</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/JoinTheConversation?src=hash">#JoinTheConversation</a>
<a href="https://t.co/L2NoYw9rtq">https://t.co/L2NoYw9rtq</a></div>
— Bell Let's Talk (@Bell_LetsTalk) <a href="https://twitter.com/Bell_LetsTalk/status/689824313772367872">January 20, 2016</a></blockquote>
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Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-30243837692496215152015-10-25T22:49:00.004-04:002015-10-26T07:44:13.358-04:00ROOM: A MOVIE ABOUT MATERNAL ATTACHMENT<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb3sHsiUAzs6dCsvc1L8wbY3u3t-WGWuxe0xOrT8sE_cPXBG9Kp26jcNzovPfWM9ctWuj9oBNz6zug_0eq5DiR-aA3xXEM7zukYHHTyGMsW6mRhA4qDTrUd3kuW-HwS6trrjZpFcnzMwY/s1600/Lenny+Abrahamson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb3sHsiUAzs6dCsvc1L8wbY3u3t-WGWuxe0xOrT8sE_cPXBG9Kp26jcNzovPfWM9ctWuj9oBNz6zug_0eq5DiR-aA3xXEM7zukYHHTyGMsW6mRhA4qDTrUd3kuW-HwS6trrjZpFcnzMwY/s320/Lenny+Abrahamson.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">LENNY ABRAHAMSON</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by Irish director Lenny Abrahamson was
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for seven years after being kidnapped by a sexual predator and raped.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Microsoft Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #262626; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=85000 lumo=15000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 217;">All
Jack has is his mother. All she has is him.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Microsoft Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #262626; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=85000 lumo=15000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 217;">With great
courage and infinite maternal devotion Ma tries to provide Jack with some
sort of life; to foster his development with any resource and invention she can
create or find in their claustrophobic world.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Microsoft Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #262626; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=85000 lumo=15000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 217;">The
confinement and deprivations of the room distort the developmental process for
Jack. In the normal sequence of child development the mother <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>provides a safe haven,
a secure base. This is achieved by the mother's attunement and responsiveness
to the infant's needs for affection, nurturance, touch, food and protection. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Microsoft Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #262626; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=85000 lumo=15000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 217;">All mammals
possess an inborn drive to attach to the mother after birth. The mother
reciprocally is hardwired to respond. Without attachment newborn animals would
wander off risking death by predators or starvation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Microsoft Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #262626; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=85000 lumo=15000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 217;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Optimal attachment in early life leads to a
feeling of inner security and an ability to become independent and explore the outside
world.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Microsoft Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #262626; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=85000 lumo=15000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 217;">But outside
Room a predator lurks. There is always a threat of invasion and assault. We experience the sense of menace in a sustained tension
that pervades as an undercurrent throughout the movie.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Microsoft Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #262626; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=85000 lumo=15000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 217;">Ma tries to protect Jack. The confines of the room lead to a reliance on imagination and fantasy. When Jack finally
gets to experience the outside world he does so with freshness, clarity and exuberance. He gradually and tentatively begins to attain the first steps of
independence. Ma can rejoice. She has succeeded. But with his forward steps there is a lingering regressive pull
to return to the protective symbiosis of Room.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Microsoft Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #262626; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=85000 lumo=15000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 217;">There
are many Rooms in our world; poverty-stricken slums; prisons; refugee camps; rooming
houses. But even those who are free may have Rooms. Not confined by concrete
and steel but psychologically imprisoned by societal assumptions,
unchallenged beliefs and egocentricity . We have lost the fresh sense of
discovery and awe that Jack experiences when he gets free. We have lost the
ability to see the world for its beauty and are immobilized by the lurking menaces that
waits outside our doors.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-85916541389342237082015-08-23T15:40:00.005-04:002015-08-24T07:19:49.918-04:00ASHLEY MADISON AND THE MEANING OF INFIDELITY <br />
<img alt="" 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/><br />
<span style="color: #990000;">"SIESTA"</span><br />
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<span style="color: #990000;">Digital Image by Banctor used with permission:</span> <span style="color: blue;">https://twitter.com/Banctor_ </span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The most explosive issue coming out of the Ashley Madison hack is that over 30 million individuals have displayed an inclination to have an affair. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">How can we understand this behavior which runs counter to prevailing social mores and professed beliefs?</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Indeed there is an age old conflict between the societal ideal of enduring monogamous relationships and the desire for intense and passionate relationships with the associated lack of commitment and unhampered freedom. </span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4480346716226946724" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">Types of Love </span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #444444;">An understanding of the nature of love may help throw some light on this problem:</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Love is composed of three components: </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #444444;"><br /></span>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4480346716226946724" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Intuitively we have a sense of what these components refer to: the warmth and non-sexual closeness of Intimacy; the passion of sexual intensity and arousal; the commitment of longstanding affiliation and companionship. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Relationships that consist of passion only are referred to as infatuations.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Romantic love refers to the combination of intimacy and passion. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Companionate love is the combination of intimacy and commitment.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Conventional wisdom holds that passionate love is not enduring and is a feature of the early months and years of a relationship. Longterm committed relationships consist of the continuing development and predominance of companionate love. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">From an evolutionary perspective, this might reflect the need to secure a mate by a display of attractiveness and an intensity that results in sexual union and reproduction. But over the long term what is needed is the security and safety that can only be provided by the development of a more mature and enduring attachment. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">While the non-committed relationship may permit variety, exploration and adventure, there is a loss of certainty, predictability and security. On the other hand, an enduring companionate relationship may result in loss of intensity, boredom and a desire for novelty (Liquid Love. Zygmunt Bauman. Polity 2003).</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Adam Phillips has put it much more pithily: “There is always the taken–for–granted relationship and the precarious relationship, the comforting routine and the exciting risk. ....we have safety and danger, habit and passion, love and lust, attachment and desire, marriage and affairs”. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #444444;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Zygmunt Bauman in “Liquid Love” states that in marriage : “There is always a suspicion ... that one is living a lie or a mistake; that something crucially important has been overlooked, missed, neglected, left untried, and unexplored; and a vital obligation to one’s own authentic self has not been met or that some chances of unknown happiness completely different from any happiness experienced before have not been taken up in time and are bound to be lost forever...” </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">And therein lies the problem. </span></span></span><br />
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REFERENCES<br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Bauman Z. (2003). Liquid Love: On the Frailty of Human Bonds. Cambridge: Polity Press. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Eppel AB. (2009). Sweet Sorrow: Love, Loss and Attachment in Human Life. Karnac London. <span style="color: blue;">http://www.amazon.ca/Sweet-Sorrow-Love-Attachment-Human/dp/1855756455/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1440357014&sr=1-1&keywords=eppel </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Phillips
A.(1996). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Monogamy</i>. New York: Vintage Books.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span>Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-66880777803648708752015-06-13T17:42:00.001-04:002015-06-13T17:47:07.794-04:00I SHOT A MAN IN RENO JUST TO WATCH HIM DIE: WHY HUMANS KILL<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span lang="EN-GB"> </span><img alt="johnny cash folsom prison, johnny cash folsom, johnny cash prison, johnny cash prison concert" src="http://www.findingdulcinea.com/docroot/dulcinea/fd_images/news/on-this-day/On-this-Day--Johnny-Cash-Makes-Prison-Comeback/news/0/image.jpg" /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">What is most startling when Johnny Cash sang "The Folsom Prison
Blues" at Folsom prison in 1968, is the line "I shot a man in Reno just to watch him
die". At that point in the song
many of the prisoners started to cheer and hoot. Why would somebody cheer at
the thought of a man being shot senselessly? <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">They cheer because they know killing can be pleasureable. This is one of
the dark secrets of human life and may go someway to explain why war and
murder, atrocities and genocide are so common in human history.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Victor Nell (2006) in
a masterful review of the subject of cruelty opens up some avenues of
enlightenment on this extraordinary topic <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">He
defines cruelty as the deliberate " infliction of physical or
psychological pain on a living creature”.
What he finds most disturbing in this is the frequent evidence of
“delight” experienced by the perpetrators of such cruelty. Cruelty is ever present in our world in wars
and massacres and in the activities of interrogators who use torture and in the
attraction of gory and blood thirsty media representations, in cinema and in
sport. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Nell postulates that
cruelty must have some survival benefits in terms of human evolution and traces
the origin of such behaviour to our past as predatory hunters. This is still evident in our evolutionary
ancestors, mammals and the primates who continue to hunt and kill for
food. Nell identifies a “pain-blood-death
complex” which is triggered by stalking the prey, the excruciating terror, the
vicious struggle, the wounding of the prey and the shedding of the blood, the
eating of the prey often while it is still alive and struggling. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Ten thousand years
ago our human ancestors lived in small bands as hunter-gatherers. These groups hunted together and shared the spoils. Group members were loyal to each other and suspicious
of outsiders. Both our hunting and
killing instincts are “hard wired” in the more primitive areas of our
brains. The pleasure associated with
gorging on the kill became connected with the feelings evoked by the hunt
itself and the exercise of aggression and cruelty in the process of killing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The attraction of
blood sports such as fox hunting, deer hunting, of boxing and even of football
are expressions of those primordial hunting instincts. Not only do we all contain within us the
potential for aggression and even cruelty, but we also carry a certain
fascination in watching acts of killing and cruelty, one only has to undertake
a quick review of popular movies to be impressed by the incessant images of
bloody assassinations, torture and war. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The human attraction
to watching blood and death was spectacularly evident in the gladiator games of
the Roman Coliseum. Bullfighting and in
our own day, extreme sports are further confirmation of these tendencies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The neurobiological
basis for predatory aggression may be mediated by the system that underlies the actions of
exploration and the search for food. Dopamine pathways from the midbrain and
the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens form the underlying
circuitry for exploratory and search behaviours. In some species, this is manifest as foraging
and in others as predatory
stalking. The pleasure and satisfaction
that follow the kill and feeding are mediated by dopamine and opioid
systems. Opioids are released during the
killing-feeding cycle and may be further enhanced in response to bodily
injuries incurred in the course of the struggle. The act of hunting, killing, and feeding
brings together the predatory instincts with the pleasurable rewards. Embroiled is this mixture there is also the
ingredient of sexual arousal and excitement.
The same circumstances arouse both aggressive and sexual drives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The predatory cycle
may be triggered by hunger and enhanced by the sight of the prey. The prey’s attempt to flee, further
stimulates the hunter. The prey
struggles and fearful vocalizations further arouse and energize the predator
and the sight, smell and taste of blood, becomes conditioned to the reward
system. These stimuli because of their
association with the rewards of consuming the prey and satiation can become
themselves independently reinforcers of human behaviour. This is the so-called “blood lust”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">As humans evolved
socially and culturally, there has been an attempt to override the expression
of aggression and cruelty by means of social and legal sanctions and the
development of civilized society. This
is an attempt by the higher brain, the frontal neocortex, to override the primitive
impulses of our mammalian limbic system.
In Freudian terms it is the battle between the "superego" (our
internalized social conscience) and our unconscious "id" instincts of
aggression and sexuality. Clearly we
have lost the battle as is evident by the perpetuation of war throughout the
centuries and continents of the human world.
Likewise, it is clear in individual behaviour that in some, the
predatory and sadistic instincts are too strong, leading to acts of sexual
assault, rape and serial sexual killing.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">We will not find human salvation in these mammalian
and reptile neural circuits. Perhaps our
salvation can be found in the socially promoting mammalian attachment based
neurobiology, that is the neural circuits that underlie our subjective feelings
of love, caring and compassion. Maybe
the potential saving grace for the human species is “make love not war”. This
may be now as profound as it is trite but nevertheless, remains true. Our primitive reptilian and old mammalian
instincts of aggression, rage and warfare are now accompanied by 21<sup>st</sup>
century technology wherein weapons of mass and catastrophic destruction can be
wielded by small bands of instinctively driven groups of men.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The battle continues between good and evil, creation
and destruction, love and death, Eros and Thanatos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";">Sweet
Sorrow Love, Loss and Attachment in Human Life. Karnac 2009.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><a href="http://www.amazon.ca/Sweet-Sorrow-Love-Attachment-Human/dp/1855756455/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1434230774&sr=1-1&keywords=eppel%2C+alan">http://www.amazon.ca/Sweet-Sorrow-Love-Attachment-Human/dp/1855756455/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1434230774&sr=1-1&keywords=eppel%2C+alan</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";">Nell,
V. (2006). Cruelties, Rewards: The
Gratifications of Perpetrators and Spectators:
Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 29: 211-257.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-23825093140993349392015-02-28T12:21:00.000-05:002015-02-28T12:27:11.300-05:00WHAT IS LOVE?<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTerjH8xScgszy7eXmNomQQxVM1yoqCLbYrzSjA2yfq7cE1ZJLGviZQLQV9xd14j_g8cr9U4OSApJ07QYOZlBBxjR0eFowDcjEuot-IqaWMD-5lwnNt_k28FdZnLWWW_GAq9MtzabPGiU/s1600/munch+kiss.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTerjH8xScgszy7eXmNomQQxVM1yoqCLbYrzSjA2yfq7cE1ZJLGviZQLQV9xd14j_g8cr9U4OSApJ07QYOZlBBxjR0eFowDcjEuot-IqaWMD-5lwnNt_k28FdZnLWWW_GAq9MtzabPGiU/s1600/munch+kiss.jpg" height="253" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The state of “being in love” is like an obsession. The lovers cling to each other, touch each other in a re-enactment of the first attachment, the “primal love”. The threat of separation causes intense anticipations of grief and pain. Separation itself leads to constant preoccupation with thoughts of the absent lover and intense yearnings for reunion. Love contains within it the seeds of future loss, the premonition of the “Sweet Sorrow” to come. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Freud observes that: <span style="color: blue;"><i>“We are never so defenceless against suffering as when we love, never so forlornly unhappy as when we have lost our love object or its love.” </i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Our enduring needs for attachment and lifelong quest for love are derived from our earliest attachment relationships.
This early period in infant development is characterized by a lack of boundaries between mother and child; they remain psychologically merged. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">This reversion to a state of merger is seen in adult life as depicted in Munch’s painting of “The Kiss”. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Here in a melancholy blue colouring, the figures of a man and woman embrace; the outlines of their faces blur and merge with each other and fuse as one.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">There is a sense that our searching for attachment and love are really a search for re-attachment, perhaps for reunion with the object of our first love.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Types of Love.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In English we have only one word for Love; in Greek they have three: Eros, Philia and Agape.
Eros refers to passionate and sexual love; Philia refers to friendship and loyalty; Agape is a love of all humanity, a transcendent love.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Sternberg has written that Love is composed of three components: Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment. These components may occur in varying proportions resulting in eight different types of love: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Non-love where all three components are absent. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Liking, consisting of only intimacy. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Infatuated love, consisting of passion only. Empty love which is commitment only. Romantic love is the combination of intimacy and passion. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Companionate love is the combination of intimacy and commitment. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Fatuous love (passion and commitment). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Consummate love is the combination of all three components. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Extracted from </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Sweet Sorrow Love, Loss and Attachment in Human Life Karnac 2009.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">http://www.amazon.ca/Sweet-Sorrow-Love-Attachment-Human/dp/1855756455/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1425144184&sr=1-1&keywords=eppel</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Reference: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sternberg, R. J.: A triangular theory of love. Psychological review 1986 93, 119-135 </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><br />
Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-59748628001385282612015-02-02T20:18:00.000-05:002015-02-02T20:18:53.846-05:00Stigma of mental illness based on ignorance and denial
<iframe width="506" height="380" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/Ec0h1LRdcL8" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-81254106377492922032015-01-25T12:15:00.000-05:002015-01-25T12:17:58.434-05:00ADDICTION, EMPTINESS AND ATTACHMENT<iframe width="940" height="560" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/66cYcSak6nE" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-78587960424912927412015-01-17T14:39:00.002-05:002015-01-17T14:42:04.057-05:00POETRY THAT FREES THE SOUL<iframe src="https://embed-ssl.ted.com/talks/cristina_domenech_poetry_that_frees_the_soul.html" width="640" height="360" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-32361251058337142002015-01-04T15:41:00.000-05:002015-01-04T16:57:37.137-05:00THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS CULTURAL COMPETENCY <div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">.......only human competency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Over the past two decades there has
been concern about the "cultural competency" of healthcare
professionals. Courses and training in cultural competency have become mandated
in many medical and nursing schools.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">There is no question that
healthcare practitioners in North America and Europe are working with much more
diverse populations. Cultural competency training implies that practitioners
need to have a broad understanding of the cultural background, values and
mores of all patients presenting for care. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Components of culture that the
physician, nurse, psychologist, social worker and others need to take into
account include country of birth, country of residence, religious beliefs,
family structure, and prior experiences with healthcare systems.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The problem with this model is that
it can lead to the very problems that it is supposed to prevent: overgeneralizing
and racial stereotyping.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Cultural competency-training is
limited by the fact that no single practitioner can be adequately versed in the
50 or 60 different cultures that he or she may encounter.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The solution to this does not lie
in comparative religious and social studies. The solution lies in the practice
of individually tailored patient care. This requires that the same approach is
taken to all patients.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The practitioner must seek to
understand every patient within the current context. This does not require
drawing upon a memorized list of cultural differences. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">It requires establishing a
therapeutic relationship in which the patient feels free to express their
concerns and emotions.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">It requires exploration of the
patients' understanding of the illness, the interpretations they make about the
symptoms and their general understanding about illness and disease.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">It require eliciting their personal
preferences and the role and influence of family members on these.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">There may be inherent
contradictions between the patient's understanding and beliefs about illness
and the potential for treatment and recovery. There may be conflicts between the
patient's preferences, and the views of the family. These issues can arise
among patients from any culture. They need to be discussed and worked through.
This may involve both individual and family interviews.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Excellent, sensitive and respectful
patient care is not about competency to understand overgeneralized group
behaviors. It is about the ability to understand the uniqueness of each patient
and to empathize with his or her specific
predicament.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-80646874750669877642014-10-26T17:06:00.000-04:002014-10-28T11:16:11.554-04:00THE PSYCHOLOGY OF TERRORISM<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
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<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">What is "Terrorism"?</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Much
of the current discussion about terrorism is confused by the lack of a clear
definition of the term. The following definition is proposed:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">"Terrorism
is the deliberate intent to kill or maim non-combatants, men, women and
children, in order to ignite terror within the population. This is ostensibly
in the service of political or ethnic objectives".</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">Terrorism is characterized by disregard for human life and the dignity of man.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">Terrorism occurs within a totalitarian ideological framework imbued with
a myth of ethnic, national or racial superiority.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">Terrorist
acts are usually carried out by relatively small armed groups but can also be
employed by nation states under the control of totalitarian leadership.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div>
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">Fundamentally all men and women have an innate capacity for
destructive aggression and sadism. As Freud identified,
civilization depends on the suppression and sublimation of innate aggressive and sexual drives. These
innate behaviour patterns are part of our evolutionary inheritance and have
their neurobiological basis in the
neurocircuits of the brain's limbic system.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%;">With evolution a higher level of brain organization developed, the neocortex, which is superimposed on the older emotional and instinctual control centres of the limbic system. However the neocortex can moderate but not </span><span style="line-height: 32px;">override</span><span style="line-height: 200%;"> the hard wired programs</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%;">that underlie the </span><span style="line-height: 48px;">potential</span><span style="line-height: 200%;"> for predatory behaviour and aggression.</span></span></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">Perhaps
the most shocking realization about terrorism is that the potential for evil is universal under certain specific and
aversive conditions. Hannah Arendt observed this in her famous description:</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";">"...the fearsome word-and-thought-defying banality of evil </span></i><span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";">” .</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">SOCIOLOGICAL
FACTORS<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">Child-rearing
practices and social influences determine the relative success or failure of
the civilizing process. Families where extreme obedience and suppression of
instincts and emotion are demanded, give rise to insecure attachment, suppressed
rage, shame and the habit of submission. Insecure attachment creates an unmet
yearning to belong which can be met by submitting oneself to the power of a
group, an idealized leader or a mystic deity.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">Such
backgrounds are not sufficient conditions in themselves to result in the
emergence of terrorism. These factors must be combined with certain types of
cultural and ideological environments.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">CULTURE
and IDEOLOGY<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">A
culture of feeling shamed, humiliated or deprived leads to sadistic urges to avenge and destroy. These
feelings can be harnessed by powerful leaders who demand submission and
obedience in the service of a mystical cause. Terrorist groups invoke
nationalism, God, an omnipotent leader or life- transcending ideals to spread
their cause. The imposition of a supremacist ideology promoting racial
superiority and purity are further justification for murderous action and
self-sacrifice. Abrahamson has noted the significance of the preservation of "purity"
and the "disgust" engendered by "contamination" of other ethnic
groups. The need to preserve purity can justify mass killings revealingly
termed "ethnic" cleansing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">All
of this was evident on an unprecedentedly mass scale during the regime of National
Socialism in Germany between 1933 in 1945. A sense of national humiliation over
losing the first world war was fostered by the Nazis. An ideology of racial
superiority was promulgated by the Nazi party to mobilize the hatred and
vengeance of the German populace. These feelings were projected onto other
racial groups notably the Jews but also the Poles and Russians. Mass exterminations
of Jews and others had no rational or military objective but served to
galvanize and agitate the population to make extreme sacrifices for a higher
cause. The same patterns are evident in our own times, with examples in the
Rwandan genocide and over the past 15 years with Islamic Terrorism.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">The
phenomenon of Terrorism depends on a combination of the following factors:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";">Innate
neurobiological instincts + a punitive and suppressing family environment </span><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 200%;">+
a justifying cultural and ideological
framework.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">References<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";">The Anatomy of Human
Destructiveness:</span></i><span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";">
Fromm E. 1973 Picador.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";">Cognitive Psychology,
Terrorism and Cycles of Violence.</span></i><span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";">Abrahamson D.</span></span><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 200%;"> [in] </span><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 200%;"><i>Responses
to Terrorism</i></span><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">: Parkes CM. Routledge
2014.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-89600436416967636072014-09-21T12:24:00.002-04:002014-09-21T12:27:07.388-04:00IS EVIDENCE-BASED PSYCHIATRY ETHICAL?<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mona
Gupta has launched a full frontal assault on evidence based-medicine in her
provocatively titled book "is evidence-based psychiatry ethical?"</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">Gupta,
a psychiatrist at the University of Montréal and a former faculty member at McMaster's Department of Psychiatry, has a particular interest in bioethics and
epistemology.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">She
combines her interests in psychiatry and philosophy to compose a razor-sharp
and penetrating critique of evidence-based medicine (EBM), particularly as it
applies to the practice of psychiatry.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">Gupta
undertook a qualitative study involving analysis of the primary texts of
evidence-based medicine and interviews with many of the developers of EBM ,
mental health practitioners, and scholars who have studied philosophical and
ethical aspects of EBM.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">She
pointedly asserts that there is no "evidence" that evidence-based
medicine does what it claims to do i.e. lead to improvements in health outcomes. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">Gupta
dissects some of the implicit assumptions and values of EBM. She draws
attention to some of the problems related to medical research: biases that
derive from the social context and research culture; assumptions about what
constitutes evidence; the impact of the sources of funding on research outcome; and publication bias.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">She
goes on to question the accepted wisdom regarding the hierarchy of evidence.
She notes that "we're only able to measure what we are able to measure." Much
evidence is automatically excluded if it does not fit a paradigm that is
essentially derived from internal medicine.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">With
regard to psychiatry she argues that randomized controlled trials may be
applicable to medication studies, but are too narrow a methodology to embrace
the complexity of psychiatric practice.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">"…
The narrative structure and meaningfulness of personal experience are essential
components of living with a mental disorder and, in particular,
psychotherapeutic treatment of mental disorders. Mental states are complex,
subjective experiences and these may be resistant to measurement, at least in
the manner envisioned by EBM." (</span></span><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%;">p.94).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">Psychiatric
research may have to be broader in scope and include subjective and
intersubjective experiences that are not captured in the EBM paradigm. Even the
definition of treatment outcomes is arbitrary and infused with implicit values
as to what is most important both for individuals and groups. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">The patient's perspective is not taken into account i.e. which types of
outcomes are most important for a particular patient. Is it changes in subjective
feelings, meaning, and relationships or is it symptom change?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">The author considers a number of other factors that may make EBM less suitable as a framework for psychiatric epistemology. </span></span><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: large;">The t</span><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: large;">ypes of evidence accepted by evidence-based
medicine do not take into account the range and depth of the experiences of mental
disorders and </span><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: large;">more alarmingly may in fact lead psychiatrists to false beliefs about the effectiveness of clinical
interventions:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">"EBM's
evidence is shaping our understanding of the nature of mental disorders and how
we should intervene. This revision of psychiatry's subject matter has arrived
on the coattails of EBM, and points to EBM's enormous influence: from shaping
the conduct of research, to determining which interventions are deemed acceptable
for consideration in clinical decision-making and even to redefining the object
of inquiry. EBM is not only changing our approach to researching mental
disorders, it is changing psychiatry itself by influencing how we understand
mental disorders, and thus the tasks of psychiatrists." (p.113).</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">References:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">Mona
Gupta. Is evidence-based psychiatry ethical? Oxford University Press 2014.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-54737753262262645502014-06-29T16:29:00.000-04:002014-07-01T11:18:31.212-04:00FINDING THE TRUE SELF IN JAMES SALTER'S NOVEL OF LOVE AND LOSS<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">All great
novels illuminate the human condition. By identifying with the characters of a
story we experience as real what is fictionally portrayed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">James
Salters erotic love story "A Sport and a Pastime", first published in
1967, is a classic exemplar of this.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Written in
lyrical prose and set in rural France it unfolds the intoxicating love affair
between an American university dropout and a young French woman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The title
is taken from a verse in the Koran:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">"Remember that life in this world is but
a sport and a pastime".</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It is a
tale of love, attachment, separation and loss that unfolds the relationship between Phillip Dean and Anne-Marie Costallat. The relationship
becomes increasingly intimate and passionate yet is recounted in subtle and
delicate tones.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">One senses
in the desperate longings of the young couple that they sense that this cannot
last. Somewhere the sinister forces of Providence will gain the upper hand and
bring the dream to a heart-breaking finale.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">And indeed the couple must separate. The
departure scene rivals that of Bogart and Bergman on the runway in the movie Casablanca:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">"...a
minute or two until the warning whistle.......the train begins to move. It
picks up speed very quickly. I can see him waving....in that instant I think of
her solitary, her head bent forward to the morning's work.......I cannot
imagine what she feels. I can only sense it by her absolute, her utter silence
as the train curves, crosses the viaduct high in the morning air."<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">And at the
conclusion the narrator adds:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">"Silence.
A silence which comes over my life as well.......the fields are becoming dark,
the swallows shooting across them......"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Yes the
story is a universal one but told with great delicacy and poignancy. It touches
our nostalgic longings for things lost, an idealized past. The narrator
captures our fickle memory and the distortions we are prone to:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">"Certain
things I remember exactly as they were. They are merely discolored a bit by
time, like coins in the pocket of a forgotten suit.....one alters the past to
form the future. But there is a real significance to the pattern which finally
appears, which resists all further change......the myriad past, it enters us
and disappears. Except that within it, somewhere, like diamonds, exist the
fragments that refuse to be consumed. Sifting through, if one dares, and
collecting them, one discovers the true design".</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This
passage could be taken as an illustration of the psychotherapeutic journey: the narrative
reconstruction of the past in the service of a renewed future, the discovery of
the true self.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-91142758484068477622014-05-04T12:07:00.003-04:002014-05-04T12:07:48.526-04:00THE "AS IF" PERSONALITY<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In a wonderful
paper published in the Psychoanalytic Quarterly in 1942 Helene Deutsch describes
an unusual personality type that she refers to as the "AS IF"
personality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Deutsch
says that these individuals convey the impression of complete normality on the
surface. They are intellectually intact and gifted. However on closer observation it becomes apparent that their "relationships are
devoid of any trace of warmth, that all the expressions of emotion are formal,
that all inner experience is completely excluded."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Helene Deutsch
completed medical training in Vienna. She became interested in psychoanalysis and
in 1916 she went to work with Sigmund Freud and underwent an analysis with him.
In 1935 she left Europe and moved to Boston and worked at the Massachusetts
General Hospital. Deutsch was a pioneer in exploring female psychology with a
particular emphasis on female sexuality and motherhood. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In the
article she states that these individuals behaved "as if" they had
real feelings and emotional relationships. Deutsch compared them to actors who
are "technically well trained" but cannot impart any sense of
vitality to the role. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">She described
these patients as being extremely passive and having a "plastic
readiness" to identify with other people's feelings, beliefs and
ideologies. Their relationships lacked genuine emotional connection and felt
hollow and devoid of real meaning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Such
individuals have no consistent moral or ideological beliefs. Rather their
values and positions are taken from those to whom they attach and identify with.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Patients
with "AS IF" personalities do not display aggression but rather
present with a "mild amiability". They are prone to conform and on
the surface are compliant and obedient.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Such
individuals can be drawn into antisocial or criminal groups. There is no
internalized conscience/superego. The AS IF personality completely identifies
with external objects. They transiently take on the values and morals of the
other person or the group. The authority for moral decisions only exists externally.
The AS IF personality goes along with "the crowd". <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The AS IF
personality as described by Deutsch shares features in common with many
patients who would now be diagnosed with borderline personality disorder.
Borderline personality disorder is characterized principally by emotional
dysregulation. The problem is too much unregulated emotion. The AS IF personality's lack of emotion and
the borderline's unstable emotion both give rise to an inner deficit in the
sense of identity. In order to develop and maintain a consistent sense of
identity one needs to have a predictable pattern of emotional responsiveness."
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
parents of one of Deutsch's patients were described as remote and uninvolved.
They showed no warmth or tenderness. The child's care was delegated to a series
of different nurses and governesses. In today's language we would say that the
patient did not have consistent attachment figures in her life and did not
develop a secure attachment. Deutsch says that throughout her life this woman
was never able to establish an emotionally warm or loving relationship. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">References:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Helene Deutsch.
Some Forms of Emotional Disturbance and their Relationship to Schizophrenia. The
Psychoanalytic Quarterly 1942 (11)
301-321.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alan Eppel.
Formation of Identity in "Sweet Sorrow Love, Loss and Attachment in Human
Life" 2009. p.27-35.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Sweet-Sorrow-Love-Attachment-Human/dp/1855756455/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1399219225&sr=1-1&keywords=alan+eppel">http://www.amazon.com/Sweet-Sorrow-Love-Attachment-Human/dp/1855756455/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1399219225&sr=1-1&keywords=alan+eppel</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-14997235295758129802014-03-09T11:01:00.001-04:002014-03-09T11:15:41.148-04:00 New Consensus on Antidepressants in Bipolar <br />
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<span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 200%;">The
International Society for Bipolar Disorders recently released the findings of a
task force on the use of antidepressants in Bipolar Disorder. The evidence
continues to accumulate that antidepressants alone and in combination with mood
stabilizers have a very small role if any, in the pharmacological management of
bipolar depression. There is increasing acknowledgement that antidepressants
can be harmful. Antidepressants can lead to longterm mood instability, cycle
acceleration, mood switching, mixed states and increased risk of suicide.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: large;">The
results summary of the task force appears quite clear:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<pre style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">"There is striking incongruity between the wide use of and the weak </span><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">evidence base for the </span></span></pre>
<pre style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">efficacy and </span><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">safety of antidepressant drugs in bipolar </span><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">disorder. </span></span></pre>
<pre style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Few well-designed, long-term trials of prophylactic </span><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">benefits have been </span></span></pre>
<pre style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">conducted, and there is insufficient </span><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">evidence for treatment benefits with </span></span></pre>
<pre style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">antidepressants </span><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">combined with mood stabilizers. A major concern is </span></span></pre>
<pre style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">the risk for mood switch to hypomania, mania, and </span><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">mixed states..."</span></span></pre>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">However the conclusion summary is a
little more ambiguous:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<pre style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">"Because of limited data, the task force could not</span></pre>
<pre style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">make broad </span><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">statements endorsing antidepressant use but acknowledged </span></span></pre>
<pre style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">that individual bipolar patients may benefit from antidepressants...."</span></span></pre>
<pre style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%;"> </span></pre>
<pre style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Undoubtedly this was the result of the need to reach </span></pre>
<pre style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">consensus among </span><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">several dozen international experts.It remains very difficult for some </span><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">psychiatrists to </span></pre>
<pre style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">concede that antidepressants do more harm than </span></pre>
<pre style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">good because t</span><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">his is superficially counterintuitive. It is also hard to admit that one's longstanding clinical </span></pre>
<pre style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">practice may have been erroneous.</span></pre>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reference<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<pre><span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) task force report on<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">antidepressant use in bipolar disorders.<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
</span></pre>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Am J Psychiatry. 2013 Nov
1;170(11):1249-62</span><o:p></o:p></div>
Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-53937486700881045482014-01-27T20:23:00.000-05:002014-01-27T20:23:26.419-05:00HOW TO COMBAT STIGMA<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Reduce the fear of difference<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Provide education about mental
health and mental illness in the schools.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Encourage those affected by mental
illness to go public, especially celebrities and high profile individuals who can
make an impact on public opinion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Appoint individuals who have
experienced mental illness to boards of hospitals, community agencies and
mental health programs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Challenge the media. Write to
editor's, call television stations and comment on social media when there are
inappropriate references or stigmatizing portrayals of people with mental
illness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. Promote the restoration of the
person's wholeness, subjectively and objectively, by facilitating their
multiple roles, emphasizing that <i>the
person is not an illness but has an illness.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-89583686808980528802014-01-19T16:42:00.000-05:002014-01-19T16:51:06.525-05:00STIGMA AND MENTAL ILLNESS: WHY DOES IT EXIST? <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">One of the
most damaging effects of psychiatric illness is the experience of stigma. Stigmatization
is the social rejection of those with mental illness. This may be seen in the
tendency to ridicule or shun those with mental illness. It is seen in
employment discrimination and in the derogatory language that is pervasive
among many in society.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">"Stigma"
is a Greek word that once referred to the bodily signs that were used to show
that there was something morally wrong with the person so marked. These signs
were made by cuts or burns and indicated that the person was a slave, a
criminal or a traitor.....a blemished person to be avoided. The numbers
tattooed on the arms of concentration camp inmates by the Nazis and the yellow
stars Jews were forced to wear are examples from more recent history.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Stigmatization
induces feelings of anxiety, insecurity, shame and even self-hatred.
Self-hatred is the result of internalizing the attitudes of others. Every new
situation every new encounter brings with it the anxiety of not knowing whether
one will be accepted, rejected or shamed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Stigmatization
is reinforced by distorted representations of individuals with mental illness
in the media. Newspaper accounts are often sensationalist. Many false stereotypes
appear in movies and television shows which often demean or mock those with
mental illness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This
stigmatization is often extended to families, counselors and psychiatrists. The
stigma associated with mental illness is so widespread that we have trouble
agreeing on terminology to describe it. We use multiple euphemisms. What is the
most reliable term to describe the distress and impact experienced by individuals
with mental illness? Mental health issues, mental illness, psychiatric
disorder, psychiatric illness?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In an
attempt to reduce stigma many prefer the vaguer and more dilute term
"mental health issues". The problem with this term is that it
trivializes the problem and does not convey the seriousness and enormity of
some of these conditions. Could you
imagine a surgeon telling a patient with a fractured spine that he has
"back issues".<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="color: red;">The basis for stigma is fear.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This fear
is the fear of difference, the fear of contagion, the fear of vulnerability.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fear of
differences exists in all societies and shows itself in many forms such as racism,
anti-Semitism, homophobia etc. Fear of strangers is an evolutionary survival
mechanism. It is the fundamental component of attachment behavior where the
newborn infant instinctively attaches to its mother. This is to protect the
infant from hostile predators and strangers. For many people this basic process
may go wrong and they grow up lacking a sense of secure attachment. They
experience heightened levels of anxiety and fear when they encounter something
that is strange or different. This makes them prone to display prejudice and
discrimination. They are threatened by
people who are in some way different from themselves. People who are more
securely attached are much more receptive and open to others and able to
establish more varied relationships.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Stigma also derives from the fear of "contagion".
The fear of contagion is the fear of catching a disease, particularly if the
disease is incurable. One of the greatest historical examples of this was
leprosy. Those with leprosy were cast out and isolated from society. There were
similar attitudes towards those with AIDS. This has lessened as the treatment
for AIDS has become so successful.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The fear
of contagion is unconsciously and irrationally extended to psychiatric illness
and leads to ostracization and isolation of those with the illness. This is
based on the defensive reasoning of "out of sight, out of mind". What
this attitude amounts to is really a denial that we are all vulnerable to
illness of one kind or another and that this is part of the human condition
that unites us rather than separates us.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The act of
stigmatizing gives the individual a false sense of superiority or immunity. It
is seen in openly hostile attitudes, derogatory humor, avoidance and ridicule.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Stigma
involves regarding the person as an illness rather than as a human being with
multiple roles and characteristics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Blaming
the individual with the illness for having the illness is the way that people
attempt to delude themselves that they are immune.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The truth
is that mental illness is no different in any way from physical illness. Mental
illness has nothing to do with intelligence, character or moral integrity. It
does not result because of our failings of deficiencies; it is not a punishment
for our sins. Anyone, repeat anyone can become mentally ill, including your
mother or father, bather or sister, husband or wife, son or daughter, and yes,
you and me.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-69035732570984311102014-01-05T12:00:00.000-05:002014-01-05T13:16:22.056-05:00JAMES JOYCE'S ULYSSES: SEXUAL BETRAYAL AND THE RETURN TO A SECURE BASE.<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 200%;">Regarded as one of the
greatest novels of all time, James Joyce's Ulysses is a vastly complex, </span></span><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px;">multi-layered</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 200%;"> and interwoven adventure. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Joyce adapted </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">the major events of Homer's Odyssey to provide
the overall structure of the novel. Each chapter roughly corresponds to a
chapter in the Homeric myth. However within each chapter there are multi-levels
of symbolism, stylistic trickery, artistic allusions and references to
contemporary and historic events.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The central plot in the
novel is Leopold Bloom's journey through Dublin on June 16<sup>th</sup> 1904. Leaving
home and then finally returning late at night after multiple rollicking and
human encounters. This parallels the journey of Odysseus/Ulysses as he returns
from Troy to his waiting wife Penelope. Bloom is returning to his wife Molly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Within this lofty
environment is set the more mundane and poignant theme of Leopold's
relationship with his wife Molly. Leopold is well aware that Molly is having an
extramarital relationship and that on that very day an assignation has been
arranged for 4 o'clock. A potent
historic reference is to Charles Stuart Parnell the great Irish Nationalist
Politician brought down by his affair with a married woman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Stripping away the multiple
layers of symbolism and literally thousands of references the essence of the
story of Joyce's Ulysses is the relationship between Leopold and Molly Bloom.
If we take a brief clinical history we have the narrative of a not so
successful middle-aged man. He pursues a pedestrian low status occupation as an
advertising salesman for a newspaper. He is a man with curiosity and interest
in science and the arts but with limited grasp and intellectual depth. A man
who nevertheless appears generous and kind in his dealings with others, who
attempts to maintain a reasonable level of civility and politeness. A man with
a lively sexual imagination but of questionable potency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bloom is very conscious of
being a Jew by inheritance although fully aware of his father's conversion to
Protestantism. He is always regarded as a Jew by others and is perceived as an
outsider who does not belong fully in Irish society. Bloom was disappointed in
his own father and yet could never have a son of his own. He has never gotten
over the death of his son Rudy 11 days following birth. In fact he and Molly
had not had sexual intercourse since that time. Bloom is somewhat of a romantic
and a poet in temperament if not in
level of artistry. His sexual desires are still in play and achieve some
release in flirtatiousness, masturbation, and a visit to Dublin's Nighttown.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Molly on the other hand is a
red-blooded, full figured woman of arresting good looks and multiple admirers.
She has had many loves and losses and indeed Bloom may have been somewhat of a
compromise husband in his benign non-threatening and warm-hearted
sentimentalism. From an attachment
perspective we can say that Molly and Leopold had achieved a level of
companionate love but their relationship is now fraught with sadness, loss and
economic disappointment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Molly is frustrated and
perhaps quite resentful of the distance and lack of sexual relationship between
her and Leopold in the years since Rudy's death. Consequently she has fallen
into a liaison with the vigorously named, hot blooded and well endowed "
Blazes Boylan". This relationship although sexually extremely fulfilling
is marred by Boylan's crudity and vulgarity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Molly and Leopold have a teenage
daughter Millicent (Milly) who is beginning to emerge as a young woman and has
struck up with a boyfriend. This provokes the normal fatherly apprehensions
within Leopold but also stirs up some unconscious reverse Oedipal rivalries
between Milly and her daughter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bloom looks to Stephen
Daedalus as a surrogate son. Stephen is a very introspective, philosophical and
artistic young man who also represents Joyce himself. Stephen like Joyce is
highly conflicted and confused about his feelings towards the Catholic Church
and theology in general. He is guilt ridden about the way he handled his own
mother's death refusing to grant her dying wish to pray with her.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Stephen's inner turmoil seems to be reflected in his dissolute ways
his heavy drinking companions and his debauchery.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Molly also has fantasies
about Stephen but these quickly deteriorate from maternal nurturance to sexual
desire.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Joyce tried to manufacture
in Bloom a universal figure who resonates with Ulysses, Christ, Shakespeare,
Moses, Irish Nationalist politicians and heroes in terms of a universal journey
of departure and return. Journeys of birth, death and resurrection. Journeys
that reflect intrapsychic maturation and unconscious conflict.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A major theme revolves
around the fact that Leopold Bloom is identified as a Jew and a father who has
lost a son. There are multiple portrayals of Bloom as a Christ figure with
reference to the Christian theology of the Trinity and in particular the
co-identity of the father and the son. The character of Stephen Dedalus
represents Joyce as a young man while Bloom corresponds to an older Joyce. At
times the two characters become blurred and merged. Joyce makes an interesting correspondence with
Joyce/Bloom/ Stephen and Hamlet, Hamlet's father the murdered King and the
ultimate father who is Shakespeare himself.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In attachment terms Bloom
departs from his secure home base on the morning of June 16<sup>th</sup> 1904 and sets off on an exploration of the riotous
and chaotic Dublin environment encountering various temptations and dangers along
the way. These dangers include sexual allurements as well as the real potential
for physical assault. He eventually reaches home very late the next morning
tired, weary and chastened, to return once again to the warmth of the
matrimonial bed and the psychological embrace of the universal Earth mother
Molly Marion Bloom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The book ends with a great
climactic declaration, the end of a long reverie by Molly. It appears that
Molly and Leopold will stay together even though the inherent dissatisfactions,
regrets and unfulfilled longings have not been resolved. The future is by no
means certain or safe for James Joyce is no conventional novelist.</span></div>
Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-54750316066163932982013-11-24T10:42:00.001-05:002013-11-24T10:47:06.352-05:00DSM 5- THE END OF THE DSM ERA?<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The release
of the DSM 5 in May 2013 unleashed a storm of controversy. Initially there was
a great deal of disappointment that DSM 5 was essentially the same as DSM-IV
with only modest changes. The changes were largely of a housekeeping nature:
reordering, repositioning and making <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>some adjustments to diagnostic criteria.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Criticisms
have come from two directions: on the "left" groups that place more
emphasis on psychosocial factors in understanding and treating psychiatric
illness. These groups have decried the biological reductionism of DSM. On the "right"
the reverse criticism has been made i.e. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that there is inadequate incorporation of new
findings from neuroscience. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">One of the
principal critiques of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual is that it is
based purely on an objective descriptive approach. This approach has been
referred as a neo-Kraepelinian system in recognition of the pioneering work of
Emile Kraepelin whose painstaking observations led to the early delineation of
psychiatric syndromes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">This
approach began with DSM-III and did achieve one of its principal goals of
improving the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis. However the validity of the
DSM categories has remained problematic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Interrater
reliability among the DSM 5 categories is extremely variable. For example there
is good reliability for the diagnoses of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PTSD, bipolar 1 and binge eating disorder.
There is very poor interrater reliability for major depressive disorder, generalized
anxiety disorder and antisocial personality disorder.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The DSM
system has also led to major problems with so-called comorbidity. Because of
overlapping diagnostic criteria many patients are diagnosed with multiple
disorders. For example a patient who meets criteria for PTSD may quite readily
also meet criteria for major depression/dysthymia/borderline personality
disorder. In reality the patient may have only one underlying condition when
identified at the neurobiological level. The existence of false comorbidity
makes prediction of treatment effects erratic and undermines the validity of
research studies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Have we
advanced sufficiently in our understanding of the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders
and childhood development to construct a new paradigm?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">I believe
that we have and I have proposed that the new paradigm could be based on two foundational
sciences: affective neuroscience and attachment theory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Jaak Panksepp
pioneered affective neuroscience and identified seven basic emotional systems
within the mammalian brain. He has elucidated the key brain regions and neural
circuits involved in the generation of emotional states. This system can form
the basis for a new classification of psychiatric disorders. Attachment theory
provides the social and interpersonal context for understanding human
psychology and psychiatric disorder.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The
combination of these two models could provide a comprehensive and heuristic
paradigm for the future practice of psychiatry and psychology.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Reference<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Eppel A: <b>Paradigms
Lost and the Structure of Psychiatric Revolutions</b> in Australian & New
Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Volume 47 Issue 11, November 2013 p.992-994 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="doi: 10.1177/0004867413492222"><strong>doi:10.1177/0004867413492222</strong></a></span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span>Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-54827612353948927442013-09-15T16:31:00.000-04:002013-09-18T03:16:21.520-04:00RACISM in QUEBEC -ENCORE<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: large;">The separatist
government of Pauline Marois in Quebec has introduced a so-called<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Charter of Values. This charter restricts the
wearing of religious clothing and symbols for anyone employed in the public
sector.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: large;">The
rationale for the introduction of this charter is to promote secularism.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Anyone who
wants to work in the public sector such as government offices social service
agencies or hospitals will be restricted from wearing hijabs, turbans or
kippas. This could have the effect of excluding practitioners of certain
religions from public sector employment. In contrast a large crucifix which is
displayed in the national legislative building will not be removed as this
represents part of the "cultural heritage" of French Quebec. This
double standard reveals the true underlying motivations for this charter. It is
in line with Quebec's narrow nationalistic worldview and its pursuit of a
"distinct society". There has always been a view among certain
elements of the nationalistic movement <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that to be truly Québécois one had to be of
"pure laine" which literally means "pure wool" but refers
to "true blue" French ancestry.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Historically
there has been a xenophobic strain within Quebec society. This was evident both
prior to and during the second world war when right-wing French religious and
ethnic nationalists pursued anti-Semitic actions and policies. There was
sympathy and support <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for pro Nazi Vichy
France which was reflected in the opposition to military conscription in Quebec
during the second world war.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: large;">The
rationale for the proposed charter is clearly hypocritical and intellectually
dishonest. Its roots lie in prejudice towards new immigrants and those of other
religions particularly Muslims and Jews.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: large;">The proposed
charter is an embarrassment to Canada as a whole which has always upheld an
international position as a progressive, liberal, democratic and multicultural
society. It is most likely that the proposed charter will be found in violation
of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in a Supreme Court challenge.
However this will not deter the Parti Québécois government as it would just use
the decision to bolster its position that the Federal government and Canada at
large interferes in the affairs of Quebec. It will use this to drive up support
for a further attempt at separation from Canada.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: large;">This
fiasco once again emphasizes that the psychological forces of racism and
separation can remain as subversive forces even in advanced and sophisticated
societies. There is a deep-seated fear of the "other" who is
different, that is derived from our evolutionary past.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span>Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-57369403102279842932013-09-02T18:10:00.000-04:002013-09-02T18:10:05.855-04:00FIDDLER on the ROOF, Freedom and the ARAB SPRING<span style="font-family: 'MS Reference Sans Serif', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fiddler on
the roof has been playing to full houses and standing ovations throughout the
summer of 2013 at Ontario's Stratford Theatre Festival.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Despite
its transparently sentimental lyrical architecture, audiences respond to the
music and the thematic dénouement. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">At the beginning of the musical the main character
and patriarch Tevia, a dairy farmer, emphasizes the importance of the stabilizing
aspects of "tradition" to provide "balance". This is a
restatement of the view that fundamentalist religions and ideologies provide a
sense of order and certainty. It is a counterforce to the anxiety
associated with the experience of personal autonomy and freedom. Freedom
demands decisions and action and entails responsibility for the consequences. Eric
Fromm proposed that the fear of freedom lies at the core of non-democratic societies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
principal storey line of Fiddler involves three of Tevia's daughters and the
development of their romantic attachments. The context is the strong traditional Jewish way of life of the villagers surrounded by a hostile society. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Each of the
daughters in turn pushes the limits of the religious restrictions another
notch. Each daughter in turn falls in love. Each
daughter is a prototype of trends in Jewish society of the times. The eldest
daughter marries an observant Jew and essentially maintains the traditional marriage
and gender roles. The second daughter represents secularism and marries a non-religious Jew, an advocate of
social change and revolution. The third daughter symbolises the move to
assimilation and marries a non-Jewish soldier. Love and romance are played out
in opposition to the traditional confinements. This reflects the wider context
of social disintegration and impending revolution in the Russian state.
Traditional values and restrictions are challenged often at great cost. In the
battle between love and tradition love triumphs. Tevia when faced with the
choice of cutting himself off from his daughters or relinquishing his
traditional role as final arbiter of all decisions within the family is forced to
concede. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">There is a
parallel between the upheaval in personal and relational values and the
corresponding social and political transformations leading up the Russian
Revolution in the early part of the 20<sup>th</sup> century.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In the
current crisis in Egypt there is a similar conflation of conflict about
personal and social mores and the battle for political hegemony. A leitmotif of
the Egyptian revolution is the sexual harassment and assault of women
protesters. Attempts to maintain sexual repression and gender inequality is a
staple of the old values of religious fundamentalism and totalitarian rule.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In Fiddler
on the Roof love and attachment triumph over political and economic
dissolution. The family is torn apart by the social upheaval and experience the
losses of dislocation and emigration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "MS Reference Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A stage
show that seems simple and folksy, even kitschy, reflects a grander more terrible theme in
the human story.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-32082061985600809442013-06-16T09:39:00.002-04:002013-06-16T09:49:44.913-04:00ERDOGAN and the PSYCHOLOGY of FASCISM <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: large;">The
demonstrations in Taksim Square and Gezi Park in Istanbul and other parts of
Turkey are a threat to the psychological equilibrium of Prime Minister Recep
Tayyip Erdogan. Totalitarian leaders cannot comprehend the notions of freedom
or democracy. The mindset of totalitarian and fascist leaders is about control
and repression. In the political sphere it is about exerting ruthless control
of the social order and repressing all true opposition. This reflects the same
need for internal psychological control and the repression of sexual and
aggressive instincts. These two types of repression are interrelated. That is
why in totalitarian societies there is a concerted attempt to control and
suppress female sexuality.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">The
current protests in Turkey were preceded by an attempt to prohibit public
kissing and reduce the availability of
alcohol. In fascist society there is a need to maintain rigid control over the
populace's expression of love, sexuality and pleasure.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">Renowned
psychoanalyst Otto Kernberg describes
the totalitarian leader as both grandiose and paranoid: he needs
"to be loved, admired, feared and submitted to. "<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">These
leaders are guarded and suspicious and view any opposition to their wishes as a
threat that must be annihilated by means of ruthless suppression, torture and
execution.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">For
Erdogan opposition to his will is taken as a personal insult and humiliation.
This provokes rage and vindictiveness. Blame is directed at legitimate
opposition and projected onto "outsiders",
members of other societies who are seen as alien and as a threat to the
totalitarian ideology and its promise of salvation through the idealized
leader.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">But
with the advent of mass culture and the vast dispersal of information via the
internet the dictators' control has been broken. Mass communications also
create connections among large groups of people with a sense of belonging and
power as a counterweight to the instruments of
the totalitarian state. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-7612620246545097282013-05-20T13:09:00.000-04:002013-05-20T13:09:24.230-04:00THE GREAT GATSBY TALES OF LOVE, SEPARATION and IDENTITY<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Baz Luhrmann's movie adaptation of
"The Great Gatsby" is a phantasmagoric widely inspirational shock to
the senses and the emotions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">At its core it is a movie about longing
for a lost love. Gatsby played by Leonardo DiCaprio is tortured by his persisting
yearnings for Daisy [Carey Mulligan].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">He is portrayed as an enigmatic and
mysterious figure whose secretive background gives rise to attributions of
royal connections and fantastic accomplishments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gatsby constructs his affairs around his
desire to reunite with Daisy. His true identity is concealed from both the
characters and the audience. This is only revealed in the dénouement of the
movie. The image he constructs is of a false self in which he has lost touch
with his own true identity sliding into a circus of fantasy and grandiose
self-delusion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The pace color and drama makes for a
powerful story and allows the audience to reprocess some of their own
unconscious conflicts about attachment, separation, envy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Sans Serif","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">and retribution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-60722799481371514422013-04-21T21:08:00.000-04:002013-04-24T19:51:28.952-04:00PSYCHOANALYSIS in TEHRAN<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: large;">Doing Psychoanalysis in Tehran by
Gohar Homayounpour <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: large;">This
delightful and deliciously readable short book is packed with wisdom, personal
reflections and philosophical musings. Dr. Homayounpour is a psychoanalyst
trained in Boston who returned to her "motherland" to practice
psychoanalysis in Teheran.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: large;">She grapples
with the issues of émigrés: questions of separation, absence, return closeness
and engulfment. She contemplates what is optimal distance.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: large;">She
interweaves her personal emotional experiences with her encounters with her Iranian
patients.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: large;">In fresh and
illuminating brushstrokes she paints clinical vignettes that draw contrasts
between the embracing Eastern friendliness and the more aloof and distant Western
social mores.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: large;">Freud is a
frequent visitor to her accounts. She remarks that the patients that she
sees in Tehran resonate very much with
Freud's own patients. Her outlook is heavily flavored with a Lacanian
sensibility. She immerses herself in the linguistic soup to discover hidden
associations, meanings and tropes.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: large;">She touches
on themes of love, sexuality, femininity, repression, attachment and separation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: large;">She draws
some parallels to her return to Iran and the mythical Odysseus. Her homecoming
disturbs the secure and well analyzed identity that she has established in the
United States. In Tehran she finds herself: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><i>"...identifying
and rediscovering parts of myself that I have worked hard at expelling, and
getting rid of: parts I did not want to acknowledge, parts which I believed I
had slowly gotten rid of over twenty years.… I was supposed to have
subjectivity, to follow my desires, to be comfortable with various parts of my
being...."</i></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #444444;">Her return to
Tehran encompasses some torment and anguish:</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="color: red;">"Sometimes
what tortures us most upon our return home are the ways in which we, and our
home, have remained exactly the way we remember them."</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: large;">"Doing
Psychoanalysis in Tehran" is full of such paradoxical intelligence and psychotherapeutic wisdom.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 200%;">Reference</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif; line-height: 200%;">Doing
Psychoanalysis in Tehran 2012 MIT Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-2323828466467045802013-03-11T20:30:00.002-04:002013-03-11T20:30:03.756-04:00Amoebic Self Theory<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">If I Only Had a Membrane: A Review of Amoebic Self Theory</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Christopher T. Burris* and John K. Rempel </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Abstract </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">"Beginning from the premise that organisms must ‘eat, retreat, and excrete’ to survive, Amoebic Self Theory (AST) posits that humans also struggle for survival of the psychological sense of self – </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">engulfing that which is desirable, resisting external threats, and disposing that which is toxic or </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">redundant. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">These motives manifest across three related but distinct domains – the bodily, the </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">social, and the spatial-symbolic – as facilitated by a boundary that differentiates ‘self’ from ‘notself’." </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Social and Personality Psychology Compass </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">4/9 (2010): 756–766</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #fcffe8; color: #222222; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">H52GY6XKXAVB </span><br />
<br />
<br />
Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4480346716226946724.post-67178367314980469982013-03-07T21:48:00.001-05:002015-01-03T15:33:02.149-05:00Attachment and loss: Matters of life and death<br />
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<span style="color: #57585a; font-size: 20.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">By Alan Eppel </span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<o:p style="text-align: -webkit-left;"> </o:p><span style="background-color: white; color: #0b5394; font-family: 'Century Gothic', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Posted with permission from New Therapist issue no.84 March-April 2013</span><br />
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">T</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">he interplay of love and loss is the
central dynamic in the human story. The longing for love and the pain of its
loss are the most deeply felt of human emotions. This should not surprise us.
The drive to attach to another is fundamental and primary in human nature. It
is, after all, a matter of life and death for, without attachment, the human
infant faces the prospect of isolation, exposure, starvation and death.</span><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #808285; font-family: "Corbel","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Corbel;">Attachment
and love </span></b><span style="color: #808285; font-family: "Corbel","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Corbel;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Over the course of
geologic time, mammals have evolved a neurobiological program to bring infant
and mother into proximity with one another. This mother-infant proximity
system, known as attachment, is inborn. Reciprocally, the mother is genetically
equipped with emotional systems to provide care-giving and nurturing. The drive
to attach stays with us throughout life. It determines the nature of our
relationships. The subjective experience of feeling positively attached to
another may be seen to constitute a large part of what we refer to colloquially
as “love”. The converse state is separation, which is accompanied by sadness
and despair.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">More than half a century after John Bowlby's
radical transformation of the object-relations paradigm through the lens of
attachment theory, we have come to recognize the enormous importance of his
thinking as a model for the practice of dynamic and emotion focused
psychotherapies. Many of Bowlby's key concepts had their precursors in the work
of his colleagues of the object-relations school in England. Fairbairn's
fundamental principle that the ego is “object-seeking” is directly analogous to
the attachment drive. Michael Balint's “primary object love” also identifies
this universal human striving. Bowlby translated these psychoanalytic metaphors
into thelanguage and science of ethology [the science of animal behaviour].<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The attachment system is
a reciprocal interacting program between mother and infant. There are three
overarching components of attachment: proximity- seeking; separation distress
and secure base. The infant has the in-built circuitry to seek closeness to the
primary attachment figure and to experience separation distress when the mother
is not close by. The mother has corresponding programming to respond to the
cries of the distressed infant. </span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Jaak Panksepp (1998) has
elucidated the underlying neurobiological mechanisms involved in the attachment
system. He describes the social bonding and separation distress system as one
of seven core emotional systems that have their origins in the sub-cortical
areas in the brains of mammals. He has termed the maternal system the
“CARE/Nurturance system” and the separation as the “PANIC”or GRIEF/DISTRESS”
system (Panksepp, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Secure attachment
develops when the mother is responsive and attuned to her infant's needs for
affection, touch, food, and removal of discomfort. Attunment refers to the
mutually empathic interaction between mother and infant that is facilitated by
face-to-face interaction, smiling, eye gaze, skin-to-skin contact, touch and
rhythmic speech. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">When close to the mother, the infant experiences positive
feelings of satiety, pleasure and feelings of inner goodness. When the mother
or other primary attachment figure is able to consistently meet the infant’s
need, this sense of inner goodness becomes the foundation for healthy identity
development. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">The infant's emotional state is determined to a large extent by
the proximity and responsiveness of the mother. Alan Sroufe (1996) has captured
this in the idea that attachment is the ”dyadic regulation of emotion”. The
dyadic relationship can soothe distress and amplify positive emotions of joy
and exhilaration or, conversely, exacerbate states of distress and discomfort. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Schore (2001) has postulated that the quality of attachment
relationships is particularly critical in the first three years of life and has
a major impact on brain development, particularly with regard to the right
hemisphere and the limbic system.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">It is not necessary that
the primary caregiver meets the infant's needs all of the time. In fact a 100%
response rate would not be optimal for development, as the infant needs to
develop some tolerance to being alone. Winnicott referred to “good-enough
mothering”, which is the amount of sensitivity and responsiveness that ensures
healthy psychological development of thechild. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Edward Tronick (1998)
has furthered our understanding of this by identifying three types of mother
baby interaction:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">The first of these is coordinated interaction, when mother and
baby are engaged, and behaviour and affect are responsive and matching. This is
associated with positive emotion in the infant. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Secondly, he identifies
a mis-coordinated interaction - a mismatch or lack of attunement. When there is
a misalignment, the infant's needs are not the met, resulting in the experience
of the pain of separation, fear, discomfort, and inner feelings of badness. </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If misattunement is too
frequent, the child grows up with insecure attachment, an inner sense of</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 13.8pt;">badness and unlovableness that forms the
basis of his or her personality. However a certain amount of miscoordination
may be required for the infant to be able to differentiate himself as separate
from the mother. [Cf. Winnicott, 1965].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 14.25pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 14.25pt;">Thirdly, Tronick speaks of “repair”, the movement from a
mis-coordinated state back to a coordinated state, when mother and infant again
interact in a mutually resonant way. This may lead to soothing and elimination
of disturbing emotions and the return of positive feelings and sensations.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">The infant's repeated experience of repair leads to a
positive inner sense of self, an expectation that things can be repaired.
Repair of empathic misattunement facilitates secure attachment. Repair may also
promote the acquisition of the capacity to endure deprivation and hardship—that
is, the development of psychological resilience. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 14.25pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 14.25pt;">The Attachment system is an emotional operating system that
is comprised of two aspects: </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 14.25pt;">firstly the behavioural or action components and secondly
the inner feeling states that trigger and accompany these.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">When
the infant is apart from the mother he experiences the feeling states of
sadness or depression, which lead to various behaviours, such as crying,
searching and motor agitation. In response the mother experiences the feelings
of concern and the desire to take care of the baby.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">In
the infant, the feeling that corresponds to secure attachment is the feeling of
being loved. For the mother, the reciprocal inner state is the feeling of
loving. Dopamine and oxytocin are two brain chemicals that are intricately
involved in the control and experience of attachment and love (Panksepp 1998,
p.252). <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">When the maternal environment is often
misattuned and unresponsive, the infant experiences too much separation, with
the accompanying affects of sadness, grief or depression. A child in this
situation may grow up with a sense of being unloved and unlovable. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="CM5">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Physical and sexual abuse by
caregivers are two of the most extreme forms of failed attachment. Abused
children grow up with extreme insecurity and mistrust in relationships. Instead
of healthy emotion regulation via the attachment dyad these children experience
the terror and extreme psychological pain of abuse. They grow up with the
inability to self-soothe and modulate their emotions. They display marked
affective instability or, in Marsha Linehan's terms, severe emotion
dysregulation (Linehan, 1993). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Children with profoundly disturbed attachment
relationships develop feelings of intense aloneness. Their adult attachments are
insecure and are often characterised by avoidance or anxious preoccupation.
Such adult individuals may attract diagnoses of complex posttraumatic stress
disorder and/or borderline personality disorder. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="CM15" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.35pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">A child
growing up in a non-loving environment may be forced to suppress his true
feelings. This often results from the need to accommodate a demanding, abusive
parent. The child is forced to suppress his or her authentic emotions and
thoughts. This leads to the emergence of a false self (Winnicott, 1965). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM15" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #808285; font-family: "Corbel","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Corbel;">Separation
and loss </span></b><span style="color: #808285; font-family: "Corbel","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Corbel;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="CM6" style="margin-right: 6.6pt;">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Separation is the converse of attachment; sorrow is the converse
of love. The intensity of sorrow is proportional to the intensity of the
attachment bond and its felt component, love. </span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="CM4" style="margin-right: 5.75pt;">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">The attachment system is a survival system. It follows that loss
of attachment or the threat of loss of the attachment object leads to fear.
Freud put it well:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="CM5">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><span style="color: #0b5394;">“We are never so
defenseless against suffering as when we love, never so forlornly unhappy as when
we have lost our love object or its love” (Freud 1930a, p.82).</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="CM5">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Separation, the loss of
attachment, is the primal source of anxiety</span>. The fear of separation and the
fear of death are at various points in the life cycle inextricably bound. Death
is the ultimate separation. Death is the final loss of attachment ties. Erich
Fromm recognized the significance of man’s essential separation and isolation: <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="CM5">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">“The awareness of his
aloneness and separateness, of his helplessness before the forces of nature and
of society, all this makes his separate disunited existence an unbearable
prison. The experience of separateness arouses anxiety; it is indeed the source
of all anxiety.” (Fromm, 1956, p.7)<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="CM4" style="margin-right: 5.75pt;">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Infants facing loss respond with protest and attempts to recover
the mother (Bowlby 1980 p.9). the infant becomes distressed, cries, exhibits
motor agitation and searches the environment for his mother. The infant has an
intense longing for the mother but if she does not return the infant loses
hope, becomes inactiveand withdraws. He experiences “unutterable misery” and
despair.(Bowlby 1980). Above all there is a feeling of extreme abandonment and
aloneness. Adults confronted with separation or loss through death experience
the same emotions: Protest , despair, withdrawal, feelings of aloneness. This
can be so intense that that the sufferer may contemplate suicide. Attachment is
a life preserving system. Loss of attachment is life threatening. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM14" style="margin-bottom: 19.1pt; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM5" style="text-indent: 14.1pt;">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">In the protest phase anger can be expressed verbally or
violently. Men with extremes of preoccupied attachment are possessive and
abusive of the love object. They may exhibit extreme rage after separation and
pose a risk of homicide directed against the spouse and/or new mate: “if I
can't have you no one can”. This is one scenario of homicide-suicide. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="CM5" style="text-indent: 14.1pt;">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Our sense of self and identity evolve through our attachment
relationships in childhood. Patients with insecure attachment such as those
with borderline personality disorder, often describe feeling “invisible”,
unseen. Loss or abandonment may lead to suicide. It is too unbearable to be
alone. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="CM15" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 5.75pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 14.25pt;">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Bereavement often entails a loss of identity, expressed by those
widowed after long marriages. Despair and loss of the will to live may follow.
Without the other, the “Thou” in the “I-Thou” relationship ( Buber 1970), there
is no “I”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM15" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 67.35pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #808285; font-family: "Corbel","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Corbel;">Implications
for psychotherapy </span></b><span style="color: #808285; font-family: "Corbel","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Corbel;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="CM6" style="margin-right: 6.6pt;">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Love and loss are central in life and constitute recurring
themes in psychotherapy. <span style="color: #0b5394;">Psychotherapy is an attempt to reach across the space
between attachment and loss in an effort to heal.</span></span></div>
<div class="CM5" style="text-indent: 14.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 14.1pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 14.1pt;">Bowlby recognized that his theory had applications to
psychotherapy (Bowlby 1977): foremost among these were to provide the patient
with a secure base from which to explore relationships, and to help the patient
to appreciate how his current difficulties may be understood in terms of his
attachment relationships.</span><br />
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="CM7" style="margin-right: 9.35pt; text-indent: 14.25pt;">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Attachment theory has become an essential
component in many psychotherapies. It has been extended into
psychoanalytic practice by a number of contemporary therapists an </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">researchers (Fonagy
2001).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="CM5">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Accelerated Experiential
Dynamic Psychotherapy(AEDP), developed by New York Psychologist Diana Fosha,
explicitly applies concepts from attachment theory and research. AEDP therapy
begins by establishing safety, a secure base to counteract the patient’s feelings
of aloneness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM5">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fosha argues that
interpretation and insight do not lead to change but, rather, it is the
experience of previously “unbearable affect” in the present moment within the
securely attached dyadic relationship with the therapist that is
transformative. This type of psychotherapy involves us reaching across the
divide that separates the therapist from the patient—reaching across to attach
and to mitigate the pains of loss and separation.</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="CM5">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Fosha integrates the
ideas of many pioneer's in the field. There is a strong influence of Winnicott
in some of her overarching views of the psychotherapeutic relationship. She
trained with Habib Davanloo, who had developed an intensive form of short-term
dynamic psychotherapy. Davanloo's methodinvolves breaking through to
unconscious material by forcefully challenging defenses. Fosha crafted a very
different approach to get past defenses to “core affects”. Adopting the
attachment paradigm, rather than confrontation, Fosha employsempathic
attunement. This requires moment-to-moment trackingand paying exquisite
attention to minute signs of affective shift: body posture; facial expression;
the slightest hint of a tear or a smile. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="CM5">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Fosha has also
incorporated technical aspects from Leslie Greenberg's Emotion FocusedTherapy,
David Malan's Brief Psychotherapy, and Michael Alpert's Accelerated Empathic
Therapy, among others. AEDP is not exclusionary and integrates many components
from emerging psychotherapies. Conversely many of its therapeutic techniques
can be incorporated into other approaches.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="CM5">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">AEDP is accelerated
because moment-to-moment tracking andexplicit empathy lead to rapid access to
core affects and associated memories. It is experiential because the focus is
on the experience of emotion in the present moment and staying with and
processing it. It is dynamic in its use of defense work and concepts of
self-other representations.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-right: 16.35pt;">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"> Fosha
(2000) identifies three fluid states in the course of the psychotherapeutic
interview:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="CM5">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">In state one, when
patients present, they are in distress. They display anxiety, disturbing
symptoms and defensive operations. Distress may be the result of the failure of
the defenses and be manifested in dysregulated affectsor inhibiting affects,
such as anxiety or shame. Defenses block access to core affect and lead to
maladaptive behaviours. Several processes are used at this point: moment-tomoment
tracking; dyadic regulation of affect, which is facilitated by the therapist
responding in matching tone and rhythm; the expression of empathy, compassion,
warmth and </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 13.8pt;">appreciation; and selective therapist disclosure of the
positive impact the patient has on the therapist. This facilitates the patient
“dropping down” to state two.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 13.8pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="CM5" style="text-indent: 14.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">In
state two the patient is in touch with core affects and experiences deep
visceral emotion. Core affects include grief, sadness, anger, rage, fear, joy
and excitement. Transformation to state two is analogous to Davanloo's concept
of “unlocking the unconscious” (Davanloo 1990). In state two, previously
inaccessible feelings, thoughts and memories emerge.The therapist helps the patient
to stay with these emotions by means of empathy, validation and dyadic
regulation of affect. Painful core affects are connected with trauma, loss and
disappointment.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="CM4" style="margin-right: 5.75pt; text-indent: 14.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">State three is characterised by the emergence of a
different set of affects: the healing affects of gratitude, tenderness and
feeling moved; the mastery affects of pride and joy. The therapeutic
intervention at this stage consists of metatherapeutic processing, a powerful
intervention that can be incorporated into other dynamic methods of psychotherapy.
Metaprocessing consists of patient and therapist reflecting together on the
patient’s experience of the interaction with the therapist. This promotes a
deepening of the affective experience and processing by the “cognitive” left
brain. Metaprocessing also allows for
repair of empathic misattunements, which serves to powerfully deepen the
therapeutic relationship and ideally will lead to state four, the core state.
The core state is an experience of openness and connection; feelings of vitality
and authenticity. This can be viewed as making contact with the “true self”
(Winnicott 1965b).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="CM15" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; text-indent: 14.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">At this point in the therapeutic process the patient and
therapist feel an authentic sense of connection: the true self in relation with
the true other. There is a felt sense of deep contact with one’s true inner
experience, a sense of authenticity, calmness, clarity and self-compassion.
Martin Buber (1961) describes the true encounter as occurring fully in a
spaceless and timeless present, between one whole human being and another.<span style="background-color: #0b5394;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">The
essence of humanity is defined by this dialogue, the true encounter, where deep
connects with deep. </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM15" style="margin-bottom: 9.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #808285; font-family: "Corbel","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Corbel;">References:
</span></b><span style="color: #808285; font-family: "Corbel","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Corbel;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="CM17" style="line-height: 11.4pt; margin-bottom: 8.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 11.6pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Bowlby,
J ( 1980) <b>Attachment and Loss </b>Vol 3 Loss. New York. Basic Books. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM17" style="line-height: 11.4pt; margin-bottom: 8.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 11.6pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Bowlby,
J (1977) The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds British <i>J. Psychiatry</i>
130,421-31 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM17" style="line-height: 11.4pt; margin-bottom: 8.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 14.75pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Buber,
M (1970) <i>I and Thou</i>. New York. Charles Scribner's Sons <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM17" style="line-height: 11.4pt; margin-bottom: 8.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 11.6pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Buber,
M (1961) <i>Between Man and Man</i>. London. Fontana <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM17" style="line-height: 11.4pt; margin-bottom: 8.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 34.6pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Davanloo,
H (1990) <i>Unlocking the unconscious: Selected papers of Habib Davanloo.</i>
New York. Wiley <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM17" style="line-height: 11.4pt; margin-bottom: 8.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 14.75pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Fonagy,
P (2001) <i>Attachment Theory and Psychoanalysis</i>. New York. Other Press <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM17" style="line-height: 11.4pt; margin-bottom: 8.5pt;">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Fosha, D (2000) <i>The Transforming Power of
Affect. </i>New York. Basic Books. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM17" style="line-height: 11.4pt; margin-bottom: 8.5pt;">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Freud, S (1923) <i>The Ego and The Id</i>.
S.E. 19. London. Hogarth <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM17" style="line-height: 11.4pt; margin-bottom: 8.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 11.6pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Fromm,
E (1956) <i>The Art of Loving</i>. New York . Bantam Books <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM10">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">Linehan, M (1993) <i>Cognitive-BehavioralTreatment
of Borderline Personality Disorder. </i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM17" style="line-height: 11.4pt; margin-bottom: 8.5pt;">
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro";">New York: Guilford Press <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #57585a; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Corbel;">Alan Eppel is a psychiatrist and
psychotherapist. He is an Associate Clinical Professor in the Department of
Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #57585a; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Corbel;">Author
of “Sweet Sorrow: Love, Loss and Attachment in Human Life”. He has recently undertaken training in
Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
Alan Eppelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01318424489454189441noreply@blogger.com0